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Plant: almond
MoA: Synthetic auxins
Chemistry: Benzoic acid
Herbicide: dicamba
Symptoms: epinasty, growth distortion, leaf cupping, leaf curling, leaf distortion, leaf malformation, malformation, twisting

 

Plant: almond
MoA: Synthetic auxins
Chemistry: Benzoic acid
Herbicide: dicamba
Symptoms: epinasty, growth distortion, leaf cupping, leaf curling, leaf distortion, leaf malformation, malformation, stunting

 

Plant: apple
MoA: Synthetic auxins
Chemistry: Benzoic acid
Herbicide: dicamba
Symptoms: epinasty, leaf cupping, leaf curling, leaf distortion, leaf malformation

 

Plant: carnation
MoA: Synthetic auxins
Chemistry: Benzoic acid
Herbicide: dicamba
Symptoms: internode shortening, leaf curling, leaf distortion, leaf narrowing, leaf strapping, stunting

 

Plant: celosia
MoA: Synthetic auxins
Chemistry: Benzoic acid
Herbicide: dicamba
Symptoms: epinasty, leaf crinkling, leaf cupping, leaf curling, leaf distortion, leaf malformation, leaf narrowing, leaf stacking, necrosis, stunting, terminal bud death

 

Plant: celosia
MoA: Synthetic auxins
Chemistry: Benzoic acid
Herbicide: dicamba
Symptoms: chlorosis, epinasty, internode shortening, leaf crinkling, leaf cupping, leaf curling, leaf distortion, leaf malformation, leaf narrowing, leaf stacking, necrosis, stunting

 

Plant: colorado spruce
MoA: Synthetic auxins
Chemistry: Benzoic acid
Herbicide: dicamba
Symptoms: bleaching, necrosis, stunting

 

Plant: common bean
MoA: Synthetic auxins
Chemistry: Benzoic acid
Herbicide: dicamba
Symptoms: chlorosis, leaf crinkling, leaf cupping, leaf curling, leaf distortion, leaf malformation, stunting, vein discoloration

 

Plant: corn
MoA: Synthetic auxins
Chemistry: Benzoic acid
Herbicide: dicamba
Symptoms: epinasty, leaf cupping, leaf curling, leaf distortion, leaf malformation, leaf narrowing, lodging, root malformation, root stunting, stunting, twisting

 

Plant: corn
MoA: Synthetic auxins
Chemistry: Benzoic acid
Herbicide: dicamba
Symptoms: epinasty, leaf cupping, leaf curling, leaf distortion, leaf malformation, lodging, root malformation, root stunting, seedling distortion, stunting

 

Plant: corn
MoA: Synthetic auxins
Chemistry: Benzoic acid
Herbicide: dicamba
Symptoms: epinasty, leaf curling, leaf distortion, leaf malformation, lodging, malformation, root malformation, root stunting, stunting

 

Plant: corn
MoA: Synthetic auxins
Chemistry: Benzoic acid
Herbicide: dicamba
Symptoms: epinasty, leaf cupping, leaf curling, leaf distortion, leaf malformation, lodging, malformation, root malformation, root stunting, stem malformation, stunting

 

Plant: corn
MoA: Synthetic auxins
Chemistry: Benzoic acid
Herbicide: dicamba
Symptoms: brace-root malformation, root malformation, root stunting

 

Plant: corn
MoA: Synthetic auxins
Chemistry: Benzoic acid
Herbicide: dicamba
Symptoms: epinasty, leaf distortion, leaf malformation, malformation, seedling distortion

 

Plant: corn
MoA: Synthetic auxins
Chemistry: Benzoic acid
Herbicide: dicamba
Symptoms: epinasty, lodging, malformation, root malformation, root stunting, stunting

 

Plant: corn
MoA: Synthetic auxins
Chemistry: Benzoic acid
Herbicide: dicamba
Symptoms: brace-root malformation, epinasty, leaf distortion, leaf malformation, lodging, malformation, root malformation, root stunting, stunting

 

Plant: corn
MoA: Synthetic auxins
Chemistry: Benzoic acid
Herbicide: dicamba
Symptoms: leaf curling, leaf distortion, leaf narrowing, leaf strapping, stunting

 

Plant: corn
MoA: Synthetic auxins
Chemistry: Benzoic acid
Herbicide: dicamba
Symptoms: epinasty, leaf distortion, leaf malformation, leaf strapping, lodging, malformation, stunting

 

Plant: cotton
MoA: Synthetic auxins
Chemistry: Benzoic acid
Herbicide: dicamba
Symptoms: leaf crinkling, leaf cupping, leaf curling, leaf distortion, leaf malformation, leaf-margin fingering, stunting

 

Plant: cotton
MoA: Synthetic auxins
Chemistry: Benzoic acid
Herbicide: dicamba
Symptoms: stunting

 

Plant: cotton
MoA: Synthetic auxins
Chemistry: Benzoic acid
Herbicide: dicamba
Symptoms: chlorosis, epinasty, leaf cupping, leaf curling, leaf distortion, leaf feathering, leaf malformation, leaf strapping, leaf-margin fingering, stunting

 

Plant: deodar cedar
MoA: Synthetic auxins
Chemistry: Benzoic acid
Herbicide: dicamba
Symptoms: bleaching, chlorosis, leaf distortion, leaf malformation, necrosis

 

Plant: euonymus
MoA: Synthetic auxins
Chemistry: Benzoic acid
Herbicide: dicamba
Symptoms: chlorosis, epinasty, leaf crinkling, leaf cupping, leaf malformation, leaf narrowing, stunting, twisting

 

Plant: liguidamber
MoA: Synthetic auxins
Chemistry: Benzoic acid
Herbicide: dicamba
Symptoms: leaf curling, leaf distortion, leaf malformation, necrosis, twisting

 

Plant: liguidamber
MoA: Synthetic auxins
Chemistry: Benzoic acid
Herbicide: dicamba
Symptoms: epinasty, leaf cupping, leaf curling, leaf distortion, leaf malformation, twisting

 

Plant: linden
MoA: Synthetic auxins
Chemistry: Benzoic acid
Herbicide: dicamba
Symptoms: leaf crinkling, leaf cupping, leaf curling, leaf distortion, stunting, vein discoloration

 

Plant: locust
MoA: Synthetic auxins
Chemistry: Benzoic acid
Herbicide: dicamba
Symptoms: chlorosis, leaf malformation, leaf narrowing, necrosis, stunting

 

Plant: marigold
MoA: Synthetic auxins
Chemistry: Benzoic acid
Herbicide: dicamba
Symptoms: leaf crinkling, leaf narrowing, stunting

 

Plant: peppermint
MoA: Synthetic auxins
Chemistry: Benzoic acid
Herbicide: dicamba
Symptoms: leaf crinkling, leaf curling, leaf purpling, stunting

 

Plant: photinia
MoA: Synthetic auxins
Chemistry: Benzoic acid
Herbicide: dicamba
Symptoms: leaf distortion, leaf malformation, stunting

 

Plant: pine
MoA: Synthetic auxins
Chemistry: Benzoic acid
Herbicide: dicamba
Symptoms: chlorosis, leaf distortion, necrosis, stunting, twisting

 

Plant: plum
MoA: Synthetic auxins
Chemistry: Benzoic acid
Herbicide: dicamba
Symptoms: stunting

 

Plant: potato
MoA: Synthetic auxins
Chemistry: Benzoic acid
Herbicide: dicamba
Symptoms: epinasty, leaf cupping, leaf curling, leaf distortion, leaf feathering, leaf malformation, leaf strapping, twisting

 

Plant: potato
MoA: Synthetic auxins
Chemistry: Benzoic acid
Herbicide: dicamba
Symptoms: chlorosis, epinasty, leaf crinkling, leaf curling, leaf distortion, vein discoloration

 

Plant: pumpkin
MoA: Synthetic auxins
Chemistry: Benzoic acid
Herbicide: dicamba
Symptoms: chlorosis, epinasty, leaf crinkling, leaf cupping, leaf curling, leaf distortion, leaf feathering, leaf malformation, stem malformation

 

Plant: pumpkin
MoA: Synthetic auxins
Chemistry: Benzoic acid
Herbicide: dicamba
Symptoms: epinasty, leaf crinkling, leaf cupping, leaf curling, leaf distortion, leaf feathering, leaf malformation, leaf strapping, malformation, stem malformation, twisting

 

Plant: pumpkin
MoA: Synthetic auxins
Chemistry: Benzoic acid
Herbicide: dicamba
Symptoms: epinasty, leaf crinkling, leaf cupping, leaf curling, leaf distortion, leaf feathering, leaf malformation, leaf strapping, malformation, stem swelling, twisting

 

Plant: safflower
MoA: Synthetic auxins
Chemistry: Benzoic acid
Herbicide: dicamba
Symptoms: chlorosis, epinasty, leaf crinkling, leaf cupping, leaf curling, leaf distortion, leaf feathering, leaf malformation, leaf strapping, necrosis, stem malformation

 

Plant: sierra redwood
MoA: Synthetic auxins
Chemistry: Benzoic acid
Herbicide: dicamba
Symptoms: bleaching, chlorosis, epinasty, leaf distortion, stunting, twisting

 

Plant: sorghum
MoA: Synthetic auxins
Chemistry: Benzoic acid
Herbicide: dicamba
Symptoms: lodging

 

Plant: soybean
MoA: Synthetic auxins
Chemistry: Benzoic acid
Herbicide: dicamba
Symptoms: discoloration, epinasty, leaf crinkling, leaf cupping, leaf curling, leaf distortion, stunting, vein discoloration

 

Plant: soybean
MoA: Synthetic auxins
Chemistry: Benzoic acid
Herbicide: dicamba
Symptoms: chlorosis, leaf crinkling, leaf cupping, leaf curling, leaf distortion, leaf malformation, necrosis, stunting, twisting

 

Plant: soybean
MoA: Synthetic auxins
Chemistry: Benzoic acid
Herbicide: dicamba
Symptoms: leaf cupping, leaf curling, stunting, veinal chlorosis

 

Plant: soybean
MoA: Synthetic auxins
Chemistry: Benzoic acid
Herbicide: dicamba
Symptoms: chlorosis, epinasty, leaf cupping, leaf curling, leaf distortion, leaf malformation, leaf strapping, malformation, stunting, veinal chlorosis

 

Plant: soybean
MoA: Synthetic auxins
Chemistry: Benzoic acid
Herbicide: dicamba
Symptoms: epinasty, leaf crinkling, leaf cupping, leaf curling, leaf distortion, leaf malformation, leaf strapping, malformation, stunting, twisting

 

Plant: soybean
MoA: Synthetic auxins
Chemistry: Benzoic acid
Herbicide: dicamba
Symptoms: epinasty, leaf crinkling, leaf cupping, leaf curling, leaf distortion, leaf malformation, leaf narrowing, stunting, twisting

 

Plant: soybean
MoA: Synthetic auxins
Chemistry: Benzoic acid
Herbicide: dicamba
Symptoms: chlorosis, epinasty, leaf crinkling, leaf cupping, leaf curling, leaf distortion, leaf malformation, leaf narrowing, necrosis, stunting, twisting

 

Plant: soybean
MoA: Synthetic auxins
Chemistry: Benzoic acid
Herbicide: dicamba
Symptoms: chlorosis, epinasty, leaf cupping, leaf curling, leaf margin necrosis, stunting

 

Plant: soybean
MoA: Synthetic auxins
Chemistry: Benzoic acid
Herbicide: dicamba
Symptoms: chlorosis, epinasty, leaf cupping, leaf curling, leaf distortion, leaf malformation, leaf narrowing, leaf strapping, necrosis, stunting

 

Plant: soybean
MoA: Synthetic auxins
Chemistry: Benzoic acid
Herbicide: dicamba
Symptoms: epinasty, leaf crinkling, leaf cupping, leaf curling, leaf distortion, leaf strapping, stunting

 

Plant: soybean
MoA: Synthetic auxins
Chemistry: Benzoic acid
Herbicide: dicamba
Symptoms: epinasty, leaf crinkling, leaf cupping, leaf curling, leaf distortion, stunting

 

Plant: soybean
MoA: Synthetic auxins
Chemistry: Benzoic acid
Herbicide: dicamba
Symptoms: epinasty, leaf cupping, leaf curling, leaf distortion, stunting, vein discoloration

 

Plant: soybean
MoA: Synthetic auxins
Chemistry: Benzoic acid
Herbicide: dicamba
Symptoms: epinasty, leaf crinkling, leaf strapping

 

Plant: soybean
MoA: Synthetic auxins
Chemistry: Benzoic acid
Herbicide: dicamba
Symptoms: epinasty, leaf crinkling, leaf cupping, leaf malformation

 

Plant: soybean
MoA: Synthetic auxins
Chemistry: Benzoic acid
Herbicide: dicamba
Symptoms: epinasty, leaf crinkling, leaf cupping, leaf distortion, stunting

 

Plant: spearmint
MoA: Synthetic auxins
Chemistry: Benzoic acid
Herbicide: dicamba
Symptoms: chlorosis, leaf crinkling, leaf curling, leaf distortion, leaf narrowing, leaf purpling, stunting

 

Plant: squash
MoA: Synthetic auxins
Chemistry: Benzoic acid
Herbicide: dicamba
Symptoms: leaf crinkling, twisting

 

Plant: sunflower
MoA: Synthetic auxins
Chemistry: Benzoic acid
Herbicide: dicamba
Symptoms: chlorosis, fruit disorder, stunting, vein discoloration

 

Plant: sunflower
MoA: Synthetic auxins
Chemistry: Benzoic acid
Herbicide: dicamba
Symptoms: stunting

 

Plant: sunflower
MoA: Synthetic auxins
Chemistry: Benzoic acid
Herbicide: dicamba
Symptoms: leaf crinkling, leaf distortion

 

Plant: sunflower
MoA: Synthetic auxins
Chemistry: Benzoic acid
Herbicide: dicamba
Symptoms: chlorosis, epinasty, leaf crinkling, leaf curling, leaf distortion

 

Plant: sunflower
MoA: Synthetic auxins
Chemistry: Benzoic acid
Herbicide: dicamba
Symptoms: chlorosis, epinasty, leaf crinkling, leaf cupping, leaf curling, leaf distortion, leaf feathering, leaf malformation, leaf margin chlorosis, leaf strapping, malformation

 

Plant: sweet potato
MoA: Synthetic auxins
Chemistry: Benzoic acid
Herbicide: dicamba
Symptoms: epinasty, leaf crinkling, leaf cupping, leaf curling, leaf distortion, leaf feathering, leaf malformation, leaf strapping, stunting

 

Plant: sweet potato
MoA: Synthetic auxins
Chemistry: Benzoic acid
Herbicide: dicamba
Symptoms: epinasty, leaf crinkling, leaf curling, leaf distortion, leaf feathering

 

Plant: tomato
MoA: Synthetic auxins
Chemistry: Benzoic acid
Herbicide: dicamba
Symptoms: epinasty, leaf cupping, leaf curling, leaf distortion, leaf malformation, stunting

 

Plant: wheat
MoA: Synthetic auxins
Chemistry: Benzoic acid
Herbicide: dicamba
Symptoms: spike distortion, spike malformation

 

Plant: zinnia
MoA: Synthetic auxins
Chemistry: Benzoic acid
Herbicide: dicamba
Symptoms: epinasty, leaf curling, leaf distortion, leaf strapping, mottled chlorosis, stunting, twisting

 

Plant: zinnia
MoA: Synthetic auxins
Chemistry: Benzoic acid
Herbicide: dicamba
Symptoms: leaf cupping, leaf curling, leaf distortion, leaf malformation, leaf stacking, stunting

 

Plant: zinnia
MoA: Synthetic auxins
Chemistry: Benzoic acid
Herbicide: dicamba
Symptoms: leaf crinkling, leaf cupping, leaf curling, leaf distortion, stunting, vein discoloration